Snow leopards are likely susceptible to most infectious diseases that are known to affect the domestic cat ( Felis catus), in addition, spill over from other felids and prey animals contribute to the spectrum of infectious diseases that could affect the health of snow leopards ( 13, 14). Consequently, snow leopards should encounter disease agents less frequently than many other carnivores and may therefore exhibit lower intrinsic levels of immunity, rendering it vulnerable to disease outbreaks ( 13, 14). The cold, arid environment inhabited by snow leopards likely has lower microbial abundance than in more temperate and mesic habitats ( 12). Snow leopards appear to utilize relatively large territories ( 9, 10) and occur at low densities (0.9–1.8 adults/100 km 2) ( 11). The species distribution range covers 1.2–1.6 million km 2, spanning over 12 countries ( 8). The snow leopard ( Panthera uncia) is a large felid inhabiting the high mountains of South and Central Asia. In contrast to the Serengeti lions, which are frequently observed, such an outbreak could occur unnoticed in snow leopards and other less studied felids. The outbreak, probably originating from domestic dogs ( Canis familiaris), claimed about 30% of the lion population and is one of the most cited examples of the potential impact that disease can have on felid populations ( 7). The detrimental effects that a disease outbreak can cause a felid population are well-exemplified by the canine distemper virus outbreak in Serengeti lions ( Panthera leo) in 1994. Reduced survival can also disrupt the social system, where the replacement of dominant males can result in infanticide of young, thus further reducing population numbers ( 4– 6). This applies to many large carnivore populations as they exhibit a low reproductive output, occur at low densities naturally, and populations are often further reduced and isolated as a consequence of habitat destruction, overexploitation of prey species, and human persecution ( 4). Even small changes in these parameters can substantially increase the extinction risk, for example, in species with slow reproduction or where populations are small ( 3). Infectious diseases can affect the abundance and distribution of animals by reducing survival and reproduction ( 1, 2). In animals which are under environmental stress, for example, young dispersing individuals and lactating females, health issues may be exacerbated by latent virus infections. Several of the viruses implicated in the present study could affect the health of snow leopards. The rectal swabs from all animals also showed evidence for the presence of small circular DNA viruses, predominantly Circular Rep-Encoding Single-Stranded (CRESS) DNA viruses and in one case feline anellovirus. In addition, the rectal swab from the same female also displayed sequence reads most similar to feline papillomavirus 2, which is the first evidence for this virus infecting snow leopards. A serum sample of a male and a rectal swab of a female snow leopard produced sequence reads identical or closely similar to felid herpesvirus 1, providing the first evidence that this virus infects snow leopards. Excluding one animal with overall very few sequence reads, four of six animals (67%) displayed evidence of rotavirus infection. The viral species to which the greatest number of sequences reads showed high similarity was rotavirus. In this work, next-generation sequencing is used to investigate the fecal (and in a few cases serum) virome of seven snow leopards from the Tost Mountains of Mongolia. It is important to investigate the microbes that snow leopards are exposed to detect infectious disease threats and define a baseline for future changes that may impact the health of this endangered felid. These living conditions likely affect the abundance and composition of microbes with the capacity to infect these animals. Snow leopards inhabit the cold, arid environments of the high mountains of South and Central Asia.
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He said " I am semi-retired but the company keeps sending me young pro-drivers to mentor and polish and the company has proof that the program has produced much better drivers and better operations all around." Often the young pro-auto-shift drivers are mortified of the 18 speed but almost always after the somewhat jittery start and I help them to "get in the grove" they start to enjoy the "art of thinking a truck along the way.not just steering the thing. and hopefully the driver does not get in the way of the computer too much" He said, "think about it.thats what a auto-shift is really about. "well son" he beamed a big smile and said " you see you have a auto-shift AND did not even know it". He smiled and ask "do you float your shifts", I said "sure", he ask do you miss many shifts?" I said, "not really.the ole road ranger just seems to have nice big holes to shift into". I said "no I drive a old FL with a 10 speed and a M11". I said " I never gave much thought that manual shift habits could help in auto-shift operations", he smiled and ask, "do you drive a auto-shift"? He went on to tell me that he uses a 10 speed manual and a 18 speed to help younger pro auto-shift drivers better understand the "energy needs" of truck operation and that once the drivers become more "polished" in manual shift operations they have a far better understanding of what can be done to obtain better auto-shift operations" he smiled and said " oh I love my work and I have a lot of relief drivers.I mentor younger pro-drivers for a specialized carrier who has a very specialized fleet of many types of trucks. I said "but some days rowing that many gears must get a bit old". He smiled more and said " No, son, that is a labor of 's a pleasure AND a art to drive a truck very well". I smiled and said " wow that sounds like a lot of work". When I made my way to the coffee station I saw a older gent getting coffee and he had a shirt on with the image of the "I-Shift KW" on it.Īs I started getting my coffee I complimented the gent regarding his attractive KW and he smiled and said thanks.then I ask how did you get a I-shift in a older KW and he smiled some more and said "oh it's sort of a joke the KW has a small Cummins and a 18 speed". Last week we overnighted in the ole Freightshaker at a truckstop in Winnemucca NV and I made a early morning mad dash in a rain shower from the from FL to the cafe to get a cup of morning joe.as I jogged past a very nice T2000 KW my eye caught a I-Shift emblem on the side of the cab. Ya know sometimes the subjects that come up on the forum makes me wonder about my. Below is a recent comment that I posted on a thread titled "Do I need driving lessons" The thread author was having shift selection and harsh operation issues. Phil makes a good point about Eaton manuals and Autos. |
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